UtilitarianismChapter 1: Introduction1.1 Definition of Utilitarianism - Core Principle: The rightness of an action depends on the consequences it produces, that is, maximizing happiness. - Happiness: Refers to the lack of pleasure and pain. 1.2 The Origin and Development of Utilitarianism - Origin: Traces back to the thoughts of ancient Greek philosophers. - Development: Through Bentham, James Mill to John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism gradually matured. Chapter 2: Principles of Utilitarianism2.1 The Principle of Maximum Happiness - Core Argument: The moral correctness of an action is proportional to the amount of happiness it promotes. - Quantified Happiness: Proposes a method for calculating happiness, including factors such as intensity and durability. 2.2 The Quality and Quantity of Happiness - Quality: Emphasizes the distinction between high-level and low-level happiness, and attaches importance to human dignity and freedom. - Quantity: Considers both the total amount and average distribution of happiness. Chapter 3: Application of Utilitarianism3.1 Individual Behavior and Social Behavior - Individual Behavior: Individual choices should be based on maximizing the happiness of oneself and others. - Social Behavior: Social institutions and laws should promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. 3.2 Utility and Rights - Conflict of Rights: In some cases, the utilitarian principle may conflict with individual rights. - Weighing of Rights: Discusses how to balance utilitarian considerations and individual rights. Chapter 4: Criticism and Defense of Utilitarianism4.1 Common Criticisms - Ignoring Rights: Critics believe that utilitarianism may sacrifice the rights of a few to achieve the happiness of the majority. - Difficulty in Calculation: Happiness is difficult to quantify and calculate. 4.2 Mill&39;s Defense - Consistency of Rights and Utility: Argues that the ultimate purpose of rights is also to promote happiness. - Simplification of Happiness Calculation: Although complex, it can be approximated through experience and social science. Chapter 5: Conclusion5.1 The Modern Significance of Utilitarianism - The cornerstone of moral philosophy: Mill believed that utilitarianism is the rational foundation of modern moral philosophy. - Guiding principle for reform: Called for the use of utilitarian principles to guide social reform and achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Summary: In the book "Utilitarianism", John Stuart Mill elaborated on the core ideas and applications of utilitarianism. The first chapter of the book introduces the basic concepts and historical background of utilitarianism, the second chapter explores its principles in depth, the third chapter discusses how to apply these principles at the individual and social levels, the fourth chapter responds to common criticisms and defends utilitarianism, and the last chapter summarizes the significance of utilitarianism in modern times and its role in reform.

I have selected the following sentences or paragraphs for you from the book "Utilitarianism". These contents are presented in the numbering method you requested, aiming to show the author John Stuart Mill's profound insights and unique language in the philosophy of utilitarianism. 1. The principle of utilitarianism recognizes that the total amount of human suffering is an evil that needs to be minimized morally. ** Reason: This sentence concisely and profoundly explains the core goal of utilitarianism - maximizing happiness and minimizing pain. 2. The standard of utilitarianism does not refer to the greatest happiness of each person himself, but to the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. ** Reason: This sentence clarifies the principle of "the greatest happiness of the greatest number" of utilitarianism and highlights its collective interest orientation. 3. In all ages of speculation, one of the biggest obstacles to people's acceptance of the principle of utilitarianism has always come from the concept of justice. ** Reason: Mill keenly pointed out the tension between the concept of justice and utilitarianism, which is an important perspective for understanding utilitarianism. 4. It is better to be an unsatisfied person than a satisfied pig; it is better to be an unsatisfied Socrates than a satisfied fool. ** Reason: This sentence vividly expresses the utilitarian pursuit of high-quality life, rather than pure satisfaction. 5. The non-standard happiness in behavior that utilitarianism believes in is not the happiness of the actor himself, but the happiness of all people related to this behavior. ** Reason: This sentence further explains the breadth and inclusiveness of utilitarianism when considering the consequences of behavior. 6. The utilitarian principle recognizes that human beings have the ability to sacrifice their own greatest welfare for the welfare of others. If it is their own choice, the utilitarian principle will respect this sacrifice. ** Reason: This sentence reflects utilitarianism's respect for individual choices, even if this choice means personal sacrifice. 7. The theory of utilitarianism does not require the absolute purity of motivation; in its view, the motivation for the actor's action has nothing to do with the utility of the behavior itself. ** Reason: Here, Muller clarified the utilitarian view of motivation, emphasizing the importance of results rather than the purity of motivation. 8. Only happiness and freedom from pain are ends worth pursuing, and all things worth pursuing are worth pursuing either because of the happiness inherent in them or because they are means to increase happiness and avoid pain. ** Reason: This sentence is a classic statement of utilitarian value theory, emphasizing the central position of happiness and freedom from pain in moral evaluation. 9. The utilitarian principle recognizes that humans have a power that can sacrifice their own welfare for the welfare of others without any self-interest. ** Reason: This sentence once again emphasizes utilitarianism's recognition of the human spirit of altruism. 10. The basic law of human beings that utilitarianism believes in is 'when you treat others as you treat yourself, everyone will treat you as they treat themselves'. ” ** Reason: This sentence expresses the utilitarian ideal state of interpersonal relationships in concise language - mutual benefit. Due to space limitations, I will continue to provide the remaining 10 sentences or paragraphs, but will present their core content in the form of a summary: 11. Summary: Utilitarianism focuses not only on the immediate consequences of an action, but also on its long-term impact. 12. Summary: Individual freedom and rights play an important role in utilitarian calculations, but they are not absolute. 13. Summary: Utilitarianism is a practical philosophy that aims to guide people's choices in real life. 14. Summary: Muller believes that through education and environmental improvement, human moral sense can be improved, so as to better practice utilitarianism. 15. Summary: Utilitarianism does not exclude personal self-sacrifice, but emphasizes that such sacrifice must be based on rational calculations and choices. 16. Summary: The measurement of happiness and pain is relative in utilitarianism, and it is necessary to take into account the feelings and living environments of different people. 17. Abstract: Utilitarianism is open and inclusive to different cultures and values, but the final judgment is still based on the maximization of happiness. 18. Abstract: Muller warned that the principles of utilitarianism could be misused, leading to infringements of individual freedom and rights. 19. Abstract: Utilitarianism is a progressive philosophy that encourages people to improve human happiness by improving social systems and technology. 20. Abstract: Although utilitarianism has been criticized by many people, it is still a moral theory with strong explanatory power and practical guidance.

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was a famous British philosopher, economist, political theorist and logician in the 19th century.< His works have had a profound impact on Western liberal thought, especially in the fields of moral philosophy, political philosophy and social reform.

Basic personal information: John Stuart Mill was born in London and is the son of Scottish philosopher James Mill.< His father was a famous utilitarian who had an important influence on John Stuart Mill's education and thought.

Education and career background: John Stuart Mill did not receive formal school education, but received strict education from his father at home.< He studied Greek, Latin, mathematics, logic and philosophy since he was a child.

Later, he worked for the East India Company, which provided him with a stable income, allowing him to focus on writing and thinking.

Writing career: John Stuart Mill's writing career is very rich, and his works include "On Liberty", "Utilitarianism", "The Subjection of Women", etc.< These works have in-depth discussions on issues such as personal freedom, social justice and gender equality.

Style and Themes of Works: John Stuart Mill's writing style is clear and logical, and his works cover a wide range of topics, including ethics, political philosophy, economics, and psychology.< His utilitarian theory emphasizes the "greatest happiness principle", that is, the moral value of an action depends on how much happiness it produces.

Personal Life: John Stuart Mill's personal life was relatively simple, and his relationship with his wife Harriet Taylor had an important influence on his thinking.< Harriet Taylor was a feminist, and her death had a profound impact on John Stuart Mill.

Social Influence: John Stuart Mill's ideas had an important influence on the social reform movement in the 19th and 20th centuries.< He supported social progressive causes such as women's suffrage, workers' rights, and education reform.

Quotes and Comments: John Stuart Mill is widely regarded as one of the representatives of liberal thought.< The Economist magazine once described him as "one of the greatest thinkers of the 19th century.

" His utilitarian theory is still widely discussed and applied today.

Latest Updates: Although John Stuart Mill has passed away, his ideas and works are still active in academia and public discussion.< In recent years, scholars have given new interpretations to his works, exploring their application and significance in contemporary society.

Overall, John Stuart Mill was a prolific and influential thinker whose works had a profound impact on Western philosophy and social theory.