Book Summary of The Road Since StructureIntroduction- Main Content: In the preface of this book, Kuhn discusses the development of philosophy of science, especially the changes since The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. - Key Points: - Kuhn&39;s reflections on The Structure of Scientific Revolutions- New Trends in Philosophy of Science- The Purpose and Structure of This BookChapter 1: The Structure and Paradigm of Science- Main Content: Kuhn elaborates on the difference between science and non-science, and the role of paradigms in scientific research. - Subsections: - The difference between science and non-science- The definition and function of paradigms- Conventional science and scientific revolutions- Key Points: - Science has a unique way of cognition- Paradigm is the consensus of the scientific community- Conventional science is a stable research stage under the guidance of paradigms, and scientific revolutions are paradigm shiftsChapter 2: The Structure of Scientific Revolutions- Main Content: This chapter deepens the concepts in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and discusses the occurrence and development of scientific revolutions. - Subsections: - Signs of scientific revolution - Crisis and anomaly - The emergence and acceptance of new paradigms - Key points: - Anomalies challenge existing paradigms - Scientific exploration in crisis - New paradigms are established through persuasion and consensus in the scientific communityChapter 3: Historical development of science - Main content: Kuhn shows the historical context and characteristics of scientific development through case analysis. - Subsections: - Copernican Revolution - Chemical Revolution - The rise of quantum mechanics - Key points: - Historical scientific revolutions are not isolated, but have internal connections - Scientists are not passive when facing anomalies, but actively participate in paradigm innovationChapter 4: Changes in the philosophy of science - Main content: Kuhn discusses the major developments and changes in the field of philosophy of science since the publication of Structure. - Subsections: - Debate between Kuhn and Feyerabend - Lakatos&39;s research program - Debate between scientific realism and anti-realism - Key points: - Feyerabend&39;s anarchist methodology - Lakatos&39;s concepts of "hard core" and "protective belt" - Objectivity of scientific knowledge and the problem of realismConclusion - Main content: Kuhn summarized the main theme of the book in the conclusion and looked forward to the future of philosophy of science. - Key points: - Self-transcendence of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Expectations for future research directions in philosophy of science - Emphasis on the importance of research on the history of science for understanding science--- The above summary attempts to summarize the main content, chapter divisions, subsections and key points of The Way After Structure in a concise way.

First of all, it needs to be clarified that Thomas Kuhn's famous work is "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" rather than "The Road Beyond Structure". Below I will select wonderful sentences or paragraphs from the book, and number and output them as required. Due to space limitations, I will select the most representative, profound or unique content and try to keep it original. --- 1. "In mature science, new discoveries are often assimilated into established paradigms, and crises and revolutions occur only when these discoveries cannot be accommodated by existing theories." 2. "When a paradigm changes, the world itself changes. Scientists are guided by a new paradigm to adopt new tools and pay attention to new areas. Even more important, when scientists use familiar tools to pay attention to places they have paid attention to before, they will see new and different things in the process of revolution." 3. "Normal science is about solving puzzles. These puzzles are discovered under the guidance of paradigms, and as long as the paradigm still dominates the discipline, these puzzles will have recognized solutions." 4. "Scientists do not discover the truth of nature, nor do they get closer to the truth. Instead, they make choices between different paradigms and different worlds defined by different paradigms." 5. "Scientific revolution here refers to non-cumulative events in the development of science in which the old paradigm is replaced in whole or in part by a completely incompatible new paradigm." 6. “A paradigm is more prior, more binding, and more complete than any set of rules from which research can be clearly abstracted.” 7. “Normal science presupposes the existence of a paradigm; without it there is no normal science.” 8. “A paradigm shift does indeed change scientists’ views of the world they study. As long as they live with the same paradigm, they generally see that world in the same way.” 9. “The ducks in the world of scientists before the revolution become rabbits after the revolution. Scientists who previously engaged in the particular type of research indicated by the paradigm often cease to be scientists among scientists who subsequently engage in the same type of research.” 10. “In paradigm choice, as in political revolution, there is no standard that transcends the consensus among the members of the community concerned, and the solution of the problem depends on the agreement of all.” 11. “The unit of scientific achievement, at least on the surface, is not the individual discovery but the entire scientific theory, the network of interrelated discoveries.” 12. “Accepting a new paradigm often requires a redefinition of the corresponding science.” 13. "Any adequate account of paradigms must be historical in nature, involving a broad examination of actual scientific practice." 14. "Individual scientists can and do become embedded in a wider scientific community, and if the latter undergoes a paradigm shift, the views of isolated scientists are left without a basis for revolution." 15. "The logical incompatibility between old and new paradigms is only superficial; in fact the two often coexist and are used by different groups of scientists in different contexts." 16. "Scientific revolutions are paradigm shifts that are far from uniform and immediate within the scientific community." 17. "The difference between competing paradigms is far greater than the difference in the way specific problems are solved. It is the difference between two different worldviews." 18. "Normal science exists long before a crisis, and ceases to exist only when it is interrupted by a troubling 'anomaly' and the ensuing crisis." 19. "The transition from a paradigm in crisis to a new paradigm from which a new tradition of normal science can emerge is far from being a cumulative process, that is, far from being a process that can be achieved through the modification or extension of the old paradigm." 20. "The change of paradigm is indeed equivalent to a revolution, and in some fields it even involves changes in social structure." --- These sentences and paragraphs show Thomas Kuhn's profound insights into the theory of scientific development and scientific revolution, which are of great significance for understanding the process of construction, dissemination and change of scientific knowledge. They not only reveal the internal logic of scientific work, but also touch upon the fundamental way in which humans understand the world.

Thomas Samuel Kuhn is a famous philosopher of science and historian of science.< His book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions has had a profound impact on the fields of philosophy of science and history of science.

The following is a detailed introduction to Thomas Kuhn: 1.

Personal basic information: Thomas Kuhn was born on July 18, 1922, in Cincinnati, USA, and died on June 17, 1996.< 2.

Education and career background: Kuhn received a bachelor's degree in physics from Harvard University, then turned to philosophy and received a doctorate in philosophy.< His academic career was mainly spent at the University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Writing career: Kuhn's writing career mainly focused on the fields of philosophy of science and history of science.< His masterpiece The Structure was published in 1962.

This book deeply explored the concept of scientific revolution and proposed the famous "paradigm shift" theory.< 4.

Work style and theme: Kuhn's works are known for their rigorous logic and profound insight.< He focuses on the development of scientific knowledge and explores how scientific theories change over time.

His theories have had an important impact on the philosophy of science, the history of science, and the sociology of science.< 5.

Personal life: Kuhn's personal life is relatively low-key, and his academic achievements and contributions to the philosophy of science make him one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century.< 6.

Social influence: Kuhn's theory has had a profound impact on the philosophy of science and social science research.< His "paradigm shift" theory is widely used in the analysis of scientific, technological, cultural and social changes.

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Citations and evaluations: "The Road After Structure" was named one of the 100 most important books of the 20th century by Time magazine.< Many authoritative media, experts and institutions have given Kuhn very high evaluations.

For example, American science historian Jeremy Bernstein called Kuhn "the greatest philosopher of science in the 20th century.< " 8.

Latest developments: Although Thomas Kuhn has passed away, his theories and works still have a wide impact in the academic community.< Many scholars continue to study and discuss his ideas in order to make new breakthroughs in the fields of philosophy of science and history of science.

In short, Thomas Kuhn is an outstanding philosopher and historian of science.< His book The Way After Structure has had a profound impact on the fields of philosophy of science and history of science.

His theories and ideas are still widely studied and discussed today, and have a lasting impact on academia and society.