Summary of Qian Mu&39;s "China&39;s Successive Political Gains and Losses"Chapter 1 Han DynastyGovernment Organization of the Han Dynasty - Royal Family and Government: The royal family and the government are separate, the emperor represents the country, and the prime minister represents the government. - Prime Minister System: The prime minister is the actual leader of the government, and there are thirteen departments under him, with clear division of labor. - Recommendation System: Talents are recommended by local governments and appointed after examinations and selections by the central government. Election System of the Han Dynasty - Characteristics: It broke the aristocratic hereditary system, advocated talent, and made social classes relatively mobile. - Restrictions: Gradually, the situation of the aristocratic families controlling the right to vote emerged. Economic System of the Han Dynasty - Equal Field System: Land was nationalized and distributed equally to farmers for cultivation. - Tax System: It was mainly based on head tax, and the tax was light in the early stage, but it gradually increased over time. Chapter 2 Tang DynastyGovernment Organization of the Tang Dynasty - Three Provinces and Six Departments System: The decision-making, deliberation and execution of the Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province were separated. - Imperial Examination System: It was more perfect and became the main way to enter the government. Examination System in the Tang Dynasty - Mingjing and Jinshi Ke: The former focused on classics, while the latter focused on literature and politics, and the examination subjects were more detailed. Economic System in the Tang Dynasty - Zuyongdiao System: Based on the equal-field system, taxes were collected according to the acreage and population. Chapter 3 Song DynastyGovernment Organization in the Song Dynasty - Privy Council and Sansi: Strengthened the military and economic management functions of the central government. - Lu-level Administration: Established the Transport Envoy to strengthen the financial supervision of the local areas. Examination System in the Song Dynasty - Popularization of Palace Examination: All candidates had the opportunity to take the highest level of examination, which strengthened the control of the imperial power over the imperial examination. Economic System in the Song Dynasty - Wang Anshi Reform: Tried to change the tax structure, and implemented reform measures such as the exemption law and the market exchange law. Chapter 4 Ming DynastyGovernment Organization in the Ming Dynasty - Abolition of Prime Minister Power and Jinyiwei: The emperor concentrated all power in one person, and established a secret agency to strengthen the imperial power. - East Factory and West Factory: further strengthening the imperial power of the secret service agencies, the implementation of high-pressure control over society. Ming Dynasty Examination System - Eight-part Essay Examination: fixed examination content, limiting the diversity of talents. Ming Dynasty Economic System - One Whip Law: Zhang Juzheng reformed, simplified the tax system, and converted taxes into silver. Chapter 5 Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasty Government Organization - Lifanyuan and Junjichu: handled border and ethnic affairs, and strengthened the ruling ability of the central government. - Manchu-Han Separation System: Implemented the separation of Manchu and Han among government officials, maintaining the dominant position of the Manchu. Qing Dynasty Election System - Rigidity of the Imperial Examination System: the examination content became more solidified, becoming a tool to strengthen the ideology of the rulers. Qing Dynasty Economic System - Diffusion of Population Tax: Yongzheng reformed, distributed the head tax to the land area, ending the population tax.

Of course, the following are some wonderful sentences or paragraphs selected from Mr. Qian Mu's "The Gains and Losses of Chinese Politics in Successive Dynasties". I will try my best to keep their original meaning and characteristics, and number them: 1. "The most important thing for a country is to have clear division of responsibilities, so that there can be a center and a strong government can be established." - This sentence reflects Qian Mu's importance of clear division of responsibilities in the political system, and also reveals his understanding of a strong government. 2. "China's traditional politics is no longer aristocratic politics, nor is it military politics, nor is it business politics, but a scholar politics that 'advocates civil governance'." - Qian Mu outlined the characteristics of traditional Chinese politics from a unique perspective, highlighting the important position of scholars in politics. 3. "In terms of China's political system, the Qin and Han dynasties were a big change. The Tang Dynasty was also a big change compared to the Han Dynasty. But the Song Dynasty was not a big change compared to the Tang Dynasty. Everything was inherited. The changes were only forced by the times and all external situations, and they were changing with changes and additions and modifications." - Qian Mu revealed the dynamic development of China's political system by comparing the changes in political systems in different historical periods. 4. "The political system in Chinese history can be long-term and stable with just a little modification. This is the flexibility of the system itself." - This sentence shows Qian Mu's profound understanding of the ancient Chinese political system. He believes that these systems have the ability to adjust and adapt themselves. 5. "Politics has only general principles, and no fixed rules. If you only talk about the general principles, you can operate freely, and there will be repeated reforms and a long history. Fixed rules are easy to cause obstacles and difficult to last." - This sentence is full of wisdom. Qian Mu emphasizes the flexibility of politics and the importance of change. 6. "If we look back at the ancient Chinese political system with modern political concepts, we will find that it is very similar to the modern political system in many ways, and even surpasses the modern political system in some ways." - This sentence shows Qian Mu's open-minded thinking and cross-era comparative research. He believes that the ancient Chinese political system is even superior to the modern one in some aspects. 7. "Too much freedom in politics will become anarchism, and too much equality will become egalitarianism. Excessive freedom and equality are not good things in politics." - Qian Mu has a unique insight into the balance between freedom and equality in politics. 8. "When it comes to China's local administration, the most wonderful part is the county system after the Han Dynasty." - This sentence reflects Qian Mu's appreciation for the ancient Chinese local administrative system, especially the county system. 9. "Behind the central official system, there is a fairly complete supervision system to ensure the power of the emperor and the normal operation of the government." - Qian Mu emphasized the key role of the supervision system in the ancient Chinese government structure. 10. "The creation of any system must have its external needs and internal intentions." - This sentence reflects Qian Mu's in-depth understanding of the motivation for the creation of the system, which includes both external practical needs and internal ideological pursuits. 11. "When we discuss the politics of successive dynasties in Chinese history, we must of course pay attention to the issue of bureaucracy, but we should also pay attention to the various traditional political ideas in the academic community." - Qian Mu advocates that both the institutional level and the ideological level should be taken into account when studying political history. 12. "In traditional Chinese politics, the policy of restraining capital has been passed down from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty." - This sentence reveals a long-standing strategy of economic intervention in ancient Chinese politics. 13. "If a system is wrong, we must find out the problem from the reality, and then we can have a prescription to correct it." - Qian Mu emphasized the necessity of realistic diagnosis and reform of the political system. 14. "When it comes to local administration in China, the most important point is to adapt to local conditions and make them different." - This sentence highlights the flexibility and adaptability of the local administrative system in ancient China. 15. "When we evaluate the quality of a political system, we must first look at whether it is suitable for the actual situation of the country and whether it is conducive to the long-term development of the country." - Qian Mu's evaluation criteria reflect the combination of pragmatism and historical perspective. 16. "In traditional Chinese politics, the rule of law is often mentioned, but it is not the rule of law that we modern people usually understand." - This sentence reveals the uniqueness of the concept of rule of law in ancient China and its difference from modern rule of law. 17. "To study the political history of China, we must first understand the social structure of Chinese history and the relationship between the various social classes." - Qian Mu emphasized the social background and class relations that need to be considered when studying political history. 18. "Political systems must be self-rooted. Even if some can be imported from abroad, they must first be integrated and communicated with the traditions of their own country before they can really play a considerable role." - This sentence reflects Qian Mu's profound understanding of the balance between the localization and internationalization of political systems. 19. "Some things in history are on the table and visible to everyone, while others are hidden under the table and need to be discovered with the mind." - This sentence is beautiful in language and profound in meaning. Qian Mu encourages readers to be good at discovering and digging out hidden information when studying history. 20. "Studying history is not for retro, but for innovation. We need to draw wisdom from history to cope with current challenges and problems." - This sentence is very suitable as the ending. It summarizes the purpose and significance of Qian Mu's study of history, and also points out the direction of learning history for readers.

Title: Qian Mu: An Outstanding Contributor to Chinese Historians Qian Mu (1895-1990), a famous Chinese historian, philosopher and educator, is world-renowned for his profound academic attainments and unique insights into Chinese history.< This article will introduce the life and achievements of this outstanding scholar from multiple perspectives.

Basic Personal Information Qian Mu, also known as Muzhi, was born in Wuxi, Jiangsu.< His life witnessed the great changes in China from feudal society to modern society, and this background of the times had a profound impact on his academic research.

Education and Career Background Qian Mu received traditional education in his hometown in his early years and later studied at Peking University.< His academic career was mainly spent in higher education institutions such as Tsinghua University and Peking University.

He taught at many universities and trained a large number of outstanding historians.< Writing Career Qian Mu's writing career spanned more than half a century.

His works covered all aspects of Chinese history, among which "Political Gains and Losses in Chinese Dynasties" is one of his representative works.< This book deeply analyzes the political systems of various dynasties in Chinese history and the impact of these systems on national development.

Style and Theme Qian Mu's writing style is known for its rigor and detail.< His works are not only of high academic value, but also highly readable.

His research topics are mainly concentrated in the fields of Chinese history, philosophy and culture, especially the study of ancient Chinese political system.< Personal Life Qian Mu's personal life is relatively low-key.

He devoted most of his time and energy to academic research and education.< He spent his whole life pursuing knowledge and truth, and this spirit is fully reflected in his works.

Social Influence Qian Mu's academic achievements have been widely recognized, and he is known as one of the founders of modern Chinese historiography.< His works have had a profound impact on later scholars, and many historians have been inspired and influenced by him.

Quotes and Evaluation The book "Political Gains and Losses in Chinese Dynasties" has been highly praised by many authoritative historians and media.

For example, the famous historian Chen Yinke once commented: "Mr.< Qian Mu's work is of great significance for understanding Chinese history.

" Latest Developments Although Mr.< Qian Mu has passed away for many years, his academic legacy continues to influence historical research in China and even the world.

His works are constantly being republished and studied, showing their lasting academic value.< In general, Qian Mu is a rare master in the field of Chinese history, and his works and thoughts will continue to inspire later generations to explore and understand Chinese history and culture.