Summary of "Zizhi Tongjian" "Zizhi Tongjian" is a chronological history book edited by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty in China. The book consists of 294 volumes, from "Zhou Ji" to "Wudai Ji", covering the history from 403 BC to 959 AD. The following is a summary of the main content of each chapter and the key points of the sub-sections. Zhou JiThe 23rd year of King Weilie (403 BC) - Division of Jin: The Zhou emperor granted Han, Zhao and Wei three states as marquisates, marking the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States Period. The 11th year of King An (391 BC) - Battle of Maling: Qi defeated Wei and Sun Bin&39;s Art of War was applied. The 35th year of King Xian (334 BC) - Xuzhou Xiangwang: King Wei of Qi and King Hui of Wei met in Xuzhou and recognized each other as kings. Chronicles of QinThe third year of Emperor II (207 BC) - The fall of Qin: Liu Bang entered the pass, Ziying surrendered, and the Qin Dynasty fell. Chronicles of HanThe fifth year of Emperor Taizu Gao (202 BC) - The establishment of the Han Dynasty: Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu, proclaimed himself emperor in Dingtao, and established the Han Dynasty. The first ten years of Emperor Wen (170 BC) - Peaceful marriage with the Xiongnu: Emperor Wen of Han adopted a policy of peace and marriage to ease relations with the Xiongnu. The first year of Emperor Wu&39;s Yuanshou (122 BC) - Zhang Qian opened up the Western Regions: Zhang Qian returned from his first mission to the Western Regions and opened up the Silk Road. Chronicles of the Three KingdomsThe Chronicles of Wei- Cao Cao unified the north: After many battles, Cao Cao unified northern China. - Battle of Chibi: The coalition forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao, and the situation of the Three Kingdoms was formed. The Chronicles of Shu- Liu Bei entrusted his orphan: Zhuge Liang was entrusted with the orphan in Baidi City. - Five Northern Expeditions: Zhuge Liang went to Qishan six times and went north to the Central Plains, but ultimately returned empty-handed. Wu Ji- Development after the Battle of Chibi: Sun Quan stabilized Jiangdong, developed the economy, and strengthened coastal defense. Jin JiEmperor Taizu Wen (266 AD) - Establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty: Sima Yan usurped the Wei Dynasty and established the Western Jin Dynasty. - Eight Kings Rebellion: The royal kings fought for central power, leading to political unrest. Emperor Xiaohui (290 AD) - Five Barbarians Rebellion: Ethnic minorities invaded the Central Plains, causing long-term ethnic migration and social unrest. Southern and Northern Dynasties Ji- Establishment and decline of the Southern Dynasty Liu Song: Liu Yu established the Song Dynasty, and the Southern Dynasty changed four generations. - Sinicization of Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty: Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty Tuoba Tao implemented a policy of sinicization and strengthened centralization. Sui Ji- Kaihuang Reign: Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian implemented a series of reform measures, and the country was prosperous and stable. - Emperor Yang&39;s Tyranny and the Fall of the Nation: Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty built a lot of buildings, which made people miserable and led to peasant uprisings. Tang Chronicles - Zhenguan Reign: During the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, Li Shimin, the politics was clear and the economy was developing. - Kaiyuan Prosperity: During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, Li Longji, the country was strong and the culture was prosperous. Five Dynasties Chronicles - The Establishment of Later Liang: Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty and established Later Liang, which marked the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. - Shi Jingtang ceded the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun: In order to gain the support of Khitan, Shi Jingtang ceded the important defense line in the north. The above is a brief summary of the contents of each chapter of "Zizhi Tongjian". The key points of each section have been simplified and summarized as much as possible to summarize the main historical events and behaviors of the characters in that period.

Regarding the historical masterpiece "Zizhi Tongjian", the following are 20 wonderful sentences or paragraphs selected according to your requirements. They are profound, unique, beautiful, wise, or creative. These sentences or paragraphs are numbered and sorted according to the reading habits of readers of the book review website. ### Historical Insight and Profound Meaning 1. "History is the classic book of the country and the great record of human relations." This sentence reflects the importance of history as a cultural memory of a country and a nation, and it is also an important reference for human ethics. 2. "The past is remembered, and the future is a teacher." It emphasizes the role of history as a reference for future generations and is the source of wisdom to avoid repeating the same mistakes. 3. "Those who govern the world should use history as a mirror to understand the rise and fall of the country." This sentence points out that the ruler should understand the laws of the rise and fall of the country through history, which is an important principle for governing the country. ### Unique perspective and humanistic care 4. "The world is bustling, all for profit; the world is bustling, all for profit." It reveals the motivation of people's behavior from the perspective of interests and shows the universal face of human nature. 5. "Heroes are in trouble, and the times make them." This sentence emphasizes the importance of times to the growth of heroes and reflects the interactive relationship between history and individuals. 6. "The people are the most important, the country is second, and the king is the least important." This view subverts the traditional idea of divine right of kings and highlights the status of the people in the country. ### Beautiful language and cultural inheritance 7. "The wind rises and the clouds surge, the times change and the world changes." It uses vivid natural scenes to compare the changes in history, and the language is beautiful and philosophical. 8. "History is like a long river, rushing endlessly; people are like duckweed, gathering and dispersing impermanently." This sentence uses rivers and duckweed as metaphors to vividly depict the continuity of history and the transience of people. 9. “The pen of history is like iron, forging a name for thousands of years.” This sentence praises the seriousness of historical records and their profound influence on future generations. ### Wisdom and strategic planning 10. “Warfare is the art of deception.” This sentence summarizes the core characteristics of military struggle, namely flexibility and strategy. 11. “Know yourself and know the enemy, and you will never be in danger in a hundred battles.” This sentence emphasizes the importance of understanding the situation of both sides in war, which is a manifestation of military wisdom. 12. “Be sure to leave a gap when besieging an army, and do not pursue an enemy who is desperate.” This sentence reflects the strategic principles in ancient wars, embodies respect for the enemy and the art of war. ### Creativity and historical imagination 13. “History is a little girl who can be dressed up by anyone.” Although this sentence is not from "Zizhi Tongjian", it is a vivid expression of the diversity of historical interpretation, showing the plasticity and creativity of history. 14. “Reading history makes people wise, and tasting history makes people reasonable.” This sentence emphasizes the role of reading history in improving personal wisdom and morality. 15. “History is the root of reality, and reality is the continuation of history.” This sentence reveals the close connection between history and reality, and reflects the continuity of history and the historicity of reality. ### Deep insights into power and governance 16. “Power is the control of the ruler; influence is the capital to defeat the masses.” This sentence deeply analyzes the nature and role of power, pointing out that power is the means for the monarch to control his subjects, while influence is the capital to defeat the masses. 17. “Politics is justice; if you lead with justice, who dares not to be just?” It emphasizes the integrity of politics and the role of leaders as role models, believing that if the leaders themselves behave properly, their subordinates will not dare to be unjust. ### Deep reflections on human nature and morality 18. “Human nature is evil, and those who are good are fake.” This sentence deeply reveals the evil of human nature, and at the same time points out that people’s good behavior is often the result of acquired education and environmental influences. 19. “A gentleman should focus on the root, and the way will come into being when the root is established.” It emphasizes that a gentleman should focus on the root, and only when the root is stable can correct thoughts and behaviors be generated. ### Historical Changes and Life Philosophy 20. "The world is full of changes." Using the metaphor of "the world is full of changes" to describe the changes of the world reflects the impermanence of history and the philosophy of life. This sentence also warns people to cherish the present, because the wheel of history will not stop, and the stage of life is constantly changing. The above selected sentences or paragraphs not only reflect the profound connotation and unique value of "Zizhi Tongjian" as a historical masterpiece, but also meet the reading habits and professional requirements of readers of book review websites. I hope that these selected contents can arouse readers' further interest and in-depth discussion of "Zizhi Tongjian".

Title: Sima Guang: The Giant of "Zizhi Tongjian", the Watcher of the Long River of History Sima Guang, a famous politician, historian and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, is famous for his immortal historical masterpiece "Zizhi Tongjian".< This article will explore the life and achievements of this historical giant from multiple perspectives.

Basic Personal Information Sima Guang (November 17, 1019 - October 11, 1086), with the courtesy name Junshi and the pseudonym Yusou, was born in Luoyang City, Henan Province.< He was born into an official family.

He was smart and studious since childhood and had a strong interest in history.< Education and Career Background Sima Guang received a good education since childhood.

His father Sima Chi was a learned official who had a profound influence on his growth.< Sima Guang performed well in the imperial examinations and served in many official positions, including Hanlin Bachelor and Zhizhigao.

His political career and academic research complemented each other.< Writing career Sima Guang's writing career began in his youth, but his most well-known achievement is undoubtedly "Zizhi Tongjian".

This work took 19 years to complete and consists of 294 volumes.< It records the history from the 23rd year of King Weilie of Zhou (403 BC) to the 6th year of Xiande of Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou (959 AD).

It is the first chronological general history in Chinese history.< Style and theme of the work "Zizhi Tongjian" is famous for its rigorous historical attitude, detailed historical research and unique compilation method.

Sima Guang strives to be objective and fair in the book, avoiding the interference of personal emotions, which reflects his profound historical literacy and noble academic character.< Personal life Sima Guang's personal life is relatively simple.

He has a strong character, does not follow the crowd, and does not care much about power and money.< He has been pursuing academic and political excellence throughout his life, which is fully reflected in his works.

Social influence Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian" has a profound influence on later generations.< It is not only a historical work, but also a political textbook, providing valuable historical experience and lessons for politicians and scholars of later generations.

At the same time, Sima Guang's academic spirit and personal charm have also inspired countless people.< Quotes and comments According to the "History of Song Dynasty", Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian" was praised by later generations as "the swan song of historians, the Li Sao without rhyme".

The famous historian Chen Yinke once commented on Sima Guang: "His achievements in historiography can be said to be unprecedented and unparalleled.< " Latest News Although Sima Guang has passed away for a thousand years, his academic achievements and spiritual heritage still have an impact in the contemporary world.

In recent years, the research on Sima Guang and his "Zizhi Tongjian" has continued to deepen, and many academic works and papers on Sima Guang have been published, further enriching our understanding of this historical giant.< Sima Guang, a giant of historians in the Northern Song Dynasty, is always worthy of our respect and learning for his outstanding academic achievements and noble personal charm.