Abstract of "Critique of Practical Reason"IntroductionKey points- The concept of practical reason: different from theoretical reason, focusing on the freedom of behavior and moral law. - The importance of practical reason: determines people&39;s moral behavior and practical wisdom. - The purpose of this book: to determine the legitimacy of practical reason and its a priori principles. Chapter 1: Analysis of Pure Practical ReasonSection 1: Basic Laws of Practical ReasonKey points- Moral Imperative: universal law of behavior, regardless of any empirical consequences. - Self-legislation of practical reason: the essential characteristic of man as a rational being. Section 2: Representation of Moral ImperativeKey points- Expression of Categorical Imperative: the code of behavior should become a universal law. - The object of practical reason: not the empirical object of will, but the good set by the moral imperative. Section 3: Motivation of Pure Practical ReasonKey points- The only true moral motive: respect for the moral law itself. - The difference between moral interest and sensual interest: the former points to the perfection of reason itself. Chapter 2: Dialectics of Pure Practical ReasonSection 1: Misuse of Practical ReasonKey point - Antinomies of practical reason: the invalidity of the concepts of freedom and necessity, immortality of the soul and the existence of God in theoretical reason. - The practical use of these concepts: to provide support for the moral concepts of practical reason. Section 2: Postulates of Practical ReasonKey point - Postulate of free will: a necessary prerequisite for moral behavior. - Postulate of immortality of the soul: one of the conditions for achieving the highest good. - Postulate of the existence of God: a necessary belief to ensure that the highest good is achieved. Chapter 3: Methodology of Pure Practical ReasonSection 1: Purpose of Moral EducationKey point - Cultivate moral feelings: enable people to feel the intrinsic value of morality. - Continuity of education: continuous moral education is essential for the formation of moral behavior. Section 2: Application of moral teachingsKey point - Universality of moral teachings: universal moral standards applicable to everyone. - Specific application of moral teachings: practical application of moral principles in different situations. Conclusion Key points - The ultimate goal of practical reason: to achieve the highest good, that is, the unity of human moral values and happiness. - The significance of the critique of practical reason: to establish the foundation of moral behavior and provide a philosophical defense for human freedom.

I have selected the following sentences or paragraphs for you in response to Kant's "Critique of Practical Reason". These contents not only reflect Kant's profound philosophical thinking, but also show his unique perspective, beautiful language, wisdom and creativity. For readers, these selected contents will help you understand this philosophical masterpiece more deeply. 1. "There are two things, the more deeply and persistently I think about them, the more the wonder and awe they evoke in my mind will change with each passing day and grow continuously. These are the starry sky above my head and the moral law in my heart." - Kant opened with this sentence, showing his deep awe of the laws of nature and morality, and also laid the tone for the whole book to explore practical reason. 2. "Practical reason, in terms of its function, is independent of theory, and it itself is the principle of all practical legislation." - Kant emphasized the independence of practical reason and its core position in moral legislation. 3. "The concept of freedom, once its reality has been proven by an indisputable law of practical reason, now constitutes the keystone of the system of pure reason, even speculative reason." - Kant regards freedom as the cornerstone of practical reason and also the keystone of his entire philosophical system, highlighting the importance of the concept of freedom. 4. "The moral law is not a hypothesis, not a doctrine that we can adopt or abandon at will, but a fact that exists independently of our will." - Kant clearly pointed out that the moral law exists objectively and is not affected by subjective will, which reflects the objectivity of his moral philosophy. 5. "Man, in short, all rational animals, exist as an end in themselves, not just as a means to be used arbitrarily by a certain will." - Kant's humanistic thought is reflected here. He emphasized that people should not be regarded as just means, but should be regarded as ends in themselves. 6. "In the kingdom of ends, everything has either value or dignity. Anything that has value can be replaced by an equivalent. On the contrary, what is above all value and therefore lacks an equivalent has not only a relative value, that is, price, and can therefore be replaced by something else, but also an intrinsic value, that is, dignity." - Kant further explained the irreplaceability of human dignity by distinguishing between value and dignity. 7. "The motivation of pure practical reason, in terms of its relationship with the will, directly determines the will, and it does so not with the help of some pleasant or unpleasant emotions, nor with the help of any desire as a means to achieve a certain pleasure, but only with the help of the representation of the law, but this law itself determines itself to become a motivation." - Kant describes in detail how pure practical reason directly determines the will, emphasizing the motivational power of the law itself. 8. "The self-discipline of the will is the only principle of all moral laws and obligations that correspond to them." - Kant proposed the self-discipline of the will as the only principle of moral laws and obligations, which is the core view in his moral philosophy. 9. “Moral behavior cannot be based on hobbies, but only on duty.” - Kant emphasized the non-utilitarian nature of moral behavior, that is, moral behavior should be based on duty rather than personal hobbies. 10. “The moral value of an action based on duty does not depend on the intention it is intended to achieve, but on the criterion it is prescribed by.” - Kant further explained the moral value judgment standard of responsible behavior, that is, the criterion of behavior rather than intention. 11. “The true power of virtue does not lie in its ability to enable us to avoid immediate pain or future consequences, but in its ability to enable us to face the direct, huge, and inevitable evil and defeat it.” - Kant praised the power of virtue, believing that it can enable people to bravely face and defeat evil. 12. “In the critique of practical reason, we must start from the concept of responsibility, not from the concept of happiness.” - Kant made it clear that the starting point of the critique of practical reason is responsibility rather than happiness, which reflects his unique perspective of moral philosophy. 13. "In morality, only actions out of responsibility have real value." - Kant once again emphasized the core position of responsibility in the evaluation of moral behavior. 14. "The basic law of pure practical reason is: act in this way, and the maxim of your will can always be used as a principle of universal legislation at the same time." - Kant proposed the basic law of pure practical reason, that is, the maxim of will should be able to serve as a principle of universal legislation. 15. "If reason completely controls the will, then every one of our actions will be objectively necessary, but subjectively free." - Kant explores the relationship between reason and will, as well as the dialectical unity of freedom and necessity. 16. "Although freedom is not an attribute of the will according to natural law, it is an attribute of the will according to moral law." - Kant explained the special status of freedom in moral law and emphasized the internal connection between freedom and moral law. 17. "The dignity and awe-inspiring nature of moral laws derive from the fact that they are not artificially created, but are inherent in reason itself." - Kant emphasized the objectivity and dignity of moral laws, believing that they come from reason itself rather than being artificially created.

Title: Exploring Kant's Philosophical World: From Personal Life to Social Influence Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is a German philosopher of the Enlightenment, known as the father of modern philosophy.< His philosophical thoughts have had a profound impact on later generations, especially in the fields of epistemology, ethics and aesthetics.

1.< Basic Personal Information Kant was born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia).

His family background was not rich, but his parents attached great importance to education.< Kant spent almost all of his life in Königsberg.

He was unmarried and lived a relatively lonely life.< 2.

Education and Career Background Kant was educated at the University of Königsberg, initially studying theology and later turning to philosophy.< He obtained a professorship in 1755 and began his teaching career.

Kant's academic career was mainly concentrated at the University of Königsberg.< His teaching and research covered a wide range of fields, including mathematics, physics, logic, ethics and anthropology.

3.

Writing Career Kant's writing career can be divided into three stages: pre-critical period, critical period and post-critical period.< His early works mainly focused on the fields of natural science and mathematics.

Representative works of the critical period include "Critique of Pure Reason" (1781) and "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788), which laid the foundation of Kant's philosophy.< In the late critical period, Kant turned to the study of ethics and aesthetics, and published works such as "Critique of Judgment" (1790).

4.< Style and theme of works Kant's philosophical style is known for its rigor, system and depth.

The themes of his works cover many fields such as epistemology, ethics, aesthetics and religious philosophy.< Kant's philosophical thought emphasizes the importance of reason, and he believes that reason is the cornerstone of human understanding of the world and behavior.

5.< Personal life Kant's personal life is relatively simple.

He lives a regular life, getting up, working and resting on time every day.< Kant's social activities are not many, but he has maintained long-term friendships with some scholars and friends.

6.< Social influence Kant's philosophical thoughts have had a profound impact on later generations.

His critical philosophy laid the foundation for later German classical philosophy and modern philosophy.< Kant's ethical theory, especially the "categorical imperative" on moral behavior, has had an important influence on moral philosophy.

7.< Quote and comment Kant's philosophical thoughts have been widely praised.

German philosopher Hegel called Kant "the true founder of German philosophy".< Kant's philosophy is also widely regarded as an important representative of the Enlightenment.

8.< Latest News Kant's philosophical thoughts are still a hot topic of academic research.

In recent years, scholars have conducted in-depth research on Kant's ethical and aesthetic theories, trying to interpret Kant's philosophy from a new perspective.< In general, Kant is a great philosopher whose philosophical thoughts have had a profound impact on human cognition and behavior.

Although he lived a relatively lonely life, his thoughts have influenced the whole world.